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Ring & band
size lookup

Closed-ring internal diameters straight from the AviLedger species catalogue, with the window in days from hatch when the ring will still pass the hock.

Diameters vary slightly between ring suppliers and between bloodlines. If a bird sits between two sizes, go up: a tight ring causes a swollen leg and has to be cut off.

741 species, 78 with a recorded ring size

Species Family Ring Incubation Ringing window
Black-cheeked LovebirdAgapornis nigrigenis Lovebirds 4.0mm 23 d 10–14 d
Bourke's ParakeetNeopsephotus bourkii Parakeets 4.0mm 18 d 8–11 d
BudgerigarMelopsittacus undulatus Budgerigar 4.0mm 18 d 8–11 d
Nyasa (Lilian's) LovebirdAgapornis lilianae Lovebirds 4.0mm 22 d 9–14 d
Pacific (Celestial) ParrotletForpus coelestis Parrotlets 4.0mm 18 d 8–11 d
Scarlet-chested ParakeetNeophema splendida Parakeets 4.0mm 18 d 8–11 d
Turquoisine ParakeetNeophema pulchella Parakeets 4.0mm 18 d 8–11 d
Fischer's LovebirdAgapornis fischeri Lovebirds 4.5mm 23 d 10–14 d
Hooded ParrotPsephotellus dissimilis Parakeets 4.5mm 19 d 8–12 d
KakarikiCyanoramphus novaezelandiae Parakeets 4.5mm 19 d 8–12 d
Masked LovebirdAgapornis personatus Lovebirds 4.5mm 23 d 10–14 d
Peach-faced LovebirdAgapornis roseicollis Lovebirds 4.5mm 23 d 10–14 d
Red-rumped ParakeetPsephotus haematonotus Parakeets 4.5mm 19 d 8–12 d
Golden-mantled RosellaPlatycercus eximius cecilae Parakeets 5.0mm 19 d 8–12 d
Lineolated ParakeetBolborhynchus lineola Parakeets 5.0mm 22 d 9–14 d
Black-capped ConurePyrrhura rupicola Conures 5.5mm 23 d 10–14 d
CockatielNymphicus hollandicus Cockatiel 5.5mm 19 d 8–12 d
Crimson-bellied ConurePyrrhura perlata Conures 5.5mm 24 d 10–15 d
Green-cheeked ConurePyrrhura molinae Conures 5.5mm 24 d 10–15 d
Hoffmann's ConurePyrrhura hoffmanni Conures 5.5mm 24 d 10–15 d
Maroon-bellied ConurePyrrhura frontalis Conures 5.5mm 24 d 10–15 d
Pale-headed (Mealy) RosellaPlatycercus adscitus Parakeets 5.5mm 19 d 8–12 d
Pearly ConurePyrrhura lepida Conures 5.5mm 24 d 10–15 d
Rose-crowned ConurePyrrhura rhodocephala Conures 5.5mm 24 d 10–15 d
Peach-fronted ConureEupsittula aurea Conures 6.0mm 25 d 11–16 d
Plum-headed ParakeetPsittacula cyanocephala Parakeets 6.0mm 23 d 10–14 d
Princess ParrotPolytelis alexandrae Parakeets 6.0mm 19 d 8–12 d
Quaker (Monk) ParakeetMyiopsitta monachus Parakeets 6.0mm 24 d 10–15 d
Brown-headed ParrotPoicephalus cryptoxanthus African 7.0mm 27 d 11–17 d
Gold-capped ConureAratinga auricapillus Conures 7.0mm 24 d 10–15 d
Hahn's MacawDiopsittaca nobilis Macaws 7.0mm 24 d 10–15 d
Indian RingneckPsittacula krameri Parakeets 7.0mm 23 d 10–14 d
Jenday ConureAratinga jandaya Conures 7.0mm 25 d 11–16 d
Meyer's ParrotPoicephalus meyeri African 7.0mm 27 d 11–17 d
Rainbow LorikeetTrichoglossus moluccanus Lories 7.0mm 25 d 11–16 d
Senegal ParrotPoicephalus senegalus African 7.0mm 27 d 11–17 d
Sun ConureAratinga solstitialis Conures 7.0mm 25 d 11–16 d
Alexandrine ParakeetPsittacula eupatria Parakeets 8.0mm 24 d 10–15 d
Black-headed CaiquePionites melanocephalus Caiques 8.0mm 26 d 11–16 d
Blue-headed PionusPionus menstruus Pionus 8.0mm 26 d 11–16 d
Bronze-winged PionusPionus chalcopterus Pionus 8.0mm 26 d 11–16 d
Cherry-headed ConurePsittacara erythrogenys Conures 8.0mm 25 d 11–16 d
Nanday ConureAratinga nenday Conures 8.0mm 24 d 10–15 d
Patagonian ConureCyanoliseus patagonus Conures 8.0mm 25 d 11–16 d
White-bellied CaiquePionites leucogaster Caiques 8.0mm 26 d 11–16 d
Cape ParrotPoicephalus robustus African 9.0mm 28 d 12–17 d
GalahEolophus roseicapilla Cockatoos 9.0mm 25 d 11–16 d
Goffin's CockatooCacatua goffiniana Cockatoos 9.0mm 28 d 12–17 d
Illiger's MacawPrimolius maracana Macaws 9.0mm 25 d 11–16 d
Jardine's ParrotPoicephalus gulielmi African 9.0mm 27 d 11–17 d
Mitred ConurePsittacara mitratus Conures 9.0mm 25 d 11–16 d
Timneh African GreyPsittacus timneh African 9.0mm 28 d 12–17 d
Bare-eyed CockatooCacatua sanguinea Cockatoos 10.0mm 24 d 10–15 d
Citron-crested CockatooCacatua citrinocristata Cockatoos 10.0mm 27 d 11–17 d
Lesser Sulphur-crested CockatooCacatua sulphurea Cockatoos 10.0mm 26 d 11–16 d
Lilac-crowned AmazonAmazona finschi Amazons 10.0mm 27 d 11–17 d
Major Mitchell's CockatooLophochroa leadbeateri Cockatoos 10.0mm 25 d 11–16 d
Orange-winged AmazonAmazona amazonica Amazons 10.0mm 26 d 11–16 d
Severe MacawAra severus Macaws 10.0mm 26 d 11–16 d
Vinaceous AmazonAmazona vinacea Amazons 10.0mm 27 d 11–17 d
Yellow-shouldered (Yellow-winged) AmazonAmazona barbadensis Amazons 10.0mm 27 d 11–17 d
Blue-fronted AmazonAmazona aestiva Amazons 11.0mm 27 d 11–17 d
Bodin's AmazonAmazona bodini Amazons 11.0mm 27 d 11–17 d
Congo African GreyPsittacus erithacus African 11.0mm 28 d 12–17 d
Double Yellow-headed AmazonAmazona oratrix Amazons 11.0mm 28 d 12–17 d
Red-browed AmazonAmazona rhodocorytha Amazons 11.0mm 27 d 11–17 d
Umbrella CockatooCacatua alba Cockatoos 11.0mm 28 d 12–17 d
Yellow-crowned AmazonAmazona ochrocephala Amazons 11.0mm 27 d 11–17 d
Yellow-naped AmazonAmazona auropalliata Amazons 11.0mm 27 d 11–17 d
Blue-throated Macaw (Caninde)Ara glaucogularis Macaws 12.0mm 26 d 11–16 d
Mealy AmazonAmazona farinosa Amazons 12.0mm 28 d 12–17 d
Military MacawAra militaris Macaws 12.0mm 26 d 11–16 d
Sulphur-crested CockatooCacatua galerita Cockatoos 12.0mm 27 d 11–17 d
Blue & Gold MacawAra ararauna Macaws 14.0mm 27 d 11–17 d
Green-winged MacawAra chloropterus Macaws 14.0mm 28 d 12–17 d
Hyacinth MacawAnodorhynchus hyacinthinus Macaws 14.0mm 28 d 12–17 d
Moluccan CockatooCacatua moluccensis Cockatoos 14.0mm 29 d 12–18 d
Scarlet MacawAra macao Macaws 14.0mm 27 d 11–17 d
Abyssinian Ground HornbillBucorvus abyssinicus Hornbills Not recorded 39 d 16–24 d
Acacia Pied BarbetTricholaema leucomelas Barbets Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
African Black DuckAnas sparsa Waterfowl Not recorded 23 d 10–14 d
African Collared DoveStreptopelia roseogrisea Doves & pigeons Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
African Olive PigeonColumba arquatrix Doves & pigeons Not recorded 17 d 7–11 d
African Pygmy GooseNettapus auritus Waterfowl Not recorded 24 d 10–15 d
African StonechatSaxicola torquatus Chats & flycatchers Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
AkohekohePalmeria dolei Canaries & finches Not recorded 17 d 7–11 d
Aldabra FodyFoudia aldabrana Weavers Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Alpine ChoughPyrrhocorax graculus Crows & jays Not recorded 21 d 9–13 d
American Black DuckAnas rubripes Waterfowl Not recorded 27 d 11–17 d
American CrowCorvus brachyrhynchos Crows & jays Not recorded 18 d 8–11 d
American FlamingoPhoenicopterus ruber Flamingos Not recorded 30 d 13–19 d
American GoldfinchSpinus tristis Canaries & finches Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
American RobinTurdus migratorius Thrushes Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Amethyst SunbirdChalcomitra amethystina Sunbirds Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Andaman Green PigeonTreron chloropterus Doves & pigeons Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Andaman ShamaCopsychus albiventris Chats & flycatchers Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Andaman TealAnas albogularis Waterfowl Not recorded 25 d 11–16 d
Andean FlamingoPhoenicoparrus andinus Flamingos Not recorded 30 d 13–19 d
Andean GooseChloephaga melanoptera Waterfowl Not recorded 30 d 13–19 d
Andean SolitaireMyadestes ralloides Thrushes Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Andean TealAnas andium Waterfowl Not recorded 24 d 10–15 d
AnianiauMagumma parva Canaries & finches Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
ApapaneHimatione sanguinea Canaries & finches Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Ashy BulbulHemixos flavala Bulbuls Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Ashy-headed GooseChloephaga poliocephala Waterfowl Not recorded 30 d 13–19 d
Ashy-headed Green PigeonTreron phayrei Doves & pigeons Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Asian Rosy FinchLeucosticte arctoa Canaries & finches Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Atlantic CanarySerinus canaria Canaries Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Atlas Pied FlycatcherFicedula speculigera Chats & flycatchers Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Auckland TealAnas aucklandica Waterfowl Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
Australian King ParrotAlisterus scapularis King parrots Not recorded 20 d 8–12 d
Australian RingneckBarnardius zonarius Parakeets Not recorded 20 d 8–12 d
Australian ShelduckTadorna tadornoides Waterfowl Not recorded 30 d 13–19 d
Azores BullfinchPyrrhula murina Canaries & finches Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Azure-winged MagpieCyanopica cyanus Crows & jays Not recorded 15 d 6–9 d
Baer's PochardAythya baeri Waterfowl Not recorded 27 d 11–17 d
Bali StarlingLeucopsar rothschildi Starlings & mynahs Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Baltimore OrioleIcterus galbula Orioles & blackbirds Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
BananaquitCoereba flaveola Tanagers Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Band-tailed PigeonPatagioenas fasciata Doves & pigeons Not recorded 19 d 8–12 d
Banded QuailPhilortyx fasciatus New World quail Not recorded 22 d 9–14 d
Bar-headed GooseAnser indicus Waterfowl Not recorded 29 d 12–18 d
Barnacle GooseBranta leucopsis Waterfowl Not recorded 24 d 10–15 d
Barred DoveGeopelia maugeus Doves Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Barrow's GoldeneyeBucephala islandica Waterfowl Not recorded 30 d 13–19 d
Bay-headed TanagerTangara gyrola Tanagers Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Baya WeaverPloceus philippinus Weavers Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Biak LorikeetTrichoglossus rosenbergii Lories Not recorded 25 d 11–16 d
Bicknell's ThrushCatharus bicknelli Thrushes Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Black Crowned CraneBalearica pavonina Cranes Not recorded 30 d 13–19 d
Black FrancolinFrancolinus francolinus Partridges Not recorded 19 d 8–12 d
Black GrouseLyrurus tetrix Grouse Not recorded 26 d 11–16 d
Black RedstartPhoenicurus ochruros Chats & flycatchers Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Black Rosy FinchLeucosticte atrata Canaries & finches Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Black ScoterMelanitta americana Waterfowl Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
Black SwanCygnus atratus Waterfowl Not recorded 39 d 16–24 d
Black-backed OrioleIcterus abeillei Orioles & blackbirds Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Black-bellied FirefinchLagonosticta rara Waxbills & mannikins Not recorded 11 d 5–7 d
Black-bellied Whistling DuckDendrocygna autumnalis Waterfowl Not recorded 27 d 11–17 d
Black-billed MagpiePica hudsonia Crows & jays Not recorded 18 d 8–11 d
Black-crowned WaxbillEstrilda nonnula Waxbills & mannikins Not recorded 11 d 5–7 d
Black-faced SolitaireMyadestes melanops Thrushes Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Black-headed BuntingEmberiza melanocephala Buntings Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Black-headed GrosbeakPheucticus melanocephalus Cardinals & grosbeaks Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Black-headed JayGarrulus lanceolatus Crows & jays Not recorded 16 d 7–10 d
Black-lored WaxbillEstrilda nigriloris Waxbills & mannikins Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Black-necked CraneGrus nigricollis Cranes Not recorded 61 d 26–38 d
Black-necked SwanCygnus melancoryphus Waterfowl Not recorded 35 d 15–22 d
Black-rumped WaxbillEstrilda troglodytes Waxbills & mannikins Not recorded 11 d 5–7 d
Black-throated FinchPoephila cincta Waxbills & mannikins Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Black-throated MuniaLonchura kelaarti Waxbills & mannikins Not recorded 16 d 7–10 d
Black-winged LovebirdAgapornis taranta Lovebirds Not recorded 26 d 11–16 d
Blood PheasantIthaginis cruentus Pheasants Not recorded 29 d 12–18 d
Blossom-headed ParakeetPsittacula roseata Parakeets Not recorded 24 d 10–15 d
Blue CraneGrus paradisea Cranes Not recorded 32 d 13–20 d
Blue GrosbeakPasserina caerulea Cardinals & grosbeaks Not recorded 11 d 5–7 d
Blue Ground DoveClaravis pretiosa Doves & pigeons Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Blue JayCyanocitta cristata Crows & jays Not recorded 17 d 7–11 d
Blue Rock ThrushMonticola solitarius Chats & flycatchers Not recorded 15 d 6–9 d
Blue-billed DuckOxyura australis Waterfowl Not recorded 27 d 11–17 d
Blue-black GrassquitVolatinia jacarina Tanagers Not recorded 10 d 4–6 d
Blue-crowned ConureThectocercus acuticaudatus Conures Not recorded 26 d 11–16 d
Blue-faced ParrotfinchErythrura trichroa Waxbills & mannikins Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Blue-grey TanagerThraupis episcopus Tanagers Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Blue-naped MousebirdUrocolius macrourus Mousebirds Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Blue-throated Blue FlycatcherCyornis rubeculoides Chats & flycatchers Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Blue-winged GooseCyanochen cyanoptera Waterfowl Not recorded 32 d 13–20 d
Blue-winged ParrotNeophema chrysostoma Parakeets Not recorded 18 d 8–11 d
BluethroatLuscinia svecica Chats & flycatchers Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Boat-tailed GrackleQuiscalus major Orioles & blackbirds Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
BobolinkDolichonyx oryzivorus Orioles & blackbirds Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Bolle's PigeonColumba bollii Doves & pigeons Not recorded 19 d 8–12 d
BramblingFringilla montifringilla Canaries & finches Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Brant GooseBranta bernicla Waterfowl Not recorded 24 d 10–15 d
Brazilian TealAmazonetta brasiliensis Waterfowl Not recorded 25 d 11–16 d
Brewer's BlackbirdEuphagus cyanocephalus Orioles & blackbirds Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Bronze-brown CowbirdMolothrus armenti Orioles & blackbirds Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Bronzed CowbirdMolothrus aeneus Orioles & blackbirds Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Brown Eared PheasantCrossoptilon mantchuricum Pheasants Not recorded 26 d 11–16 d
Brown TealAnas chlorotis Waterfowl Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
Brown TwinspotClytospiza monteiri Waxbills & mannikins Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Brown-capped Rosy FinchLeucosticte australis Canaries & finches Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Brown-headed CowbirdMolothrus ater Orioles & blackbirds Not recorded 11 d 5–7 d
Brown-necked ParrotPoicephalus fuscicollis African Not recorded 26 d 11–16 d
Brown-necked RavenCorvus ruficollis Crows & jays Not recorded 21 d 9–13 d
Brown-throated ParakeetEupsittula pertinax Conures Not recorded 23 d 10–14 d
Brush BronzewingPhaps elegans Doves & pigeons Not recorded 16 d 7–10 d
Buff-bellied MannikinLonchura melaena Waxbills & mannikins Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Buff-throated SaltatorSaltator maximus Tanagers Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
BuffleheadBucephala albeola Waterfowl Not recorded 30 d 13–19 d
Burmese YuhinaYuhina humilis White-eyes Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Buru Green PigeonTreron aromaticus Doves & pigeons Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Button QuailSynoicus chinensis Quail Not recorded 16 d 7–10 d
Cabot's TragopanTragopan caboti Pheasants Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
Cackling GooseBranta hutchinsii Waterfowl Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
California QuailCallipepla californica New World quail Not recorded 22 d 9–14 d
California Scrub JayAphelocoma californica Crows & jays Not recorded 18 d 8–11 d
Cameroon Olive PigeonColumba sjostedti Doves & pigeons Not recorded 17 d 7–11 d
Campbell TealAnas nesiotis Waterfowl Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
Canada GooseBranta canadensis Waterfowl Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
Canada JayPerisoreus canadensis Crows & jays Not recorded 17 d 7–11 d
CanarySerinus canaria domestica Finches Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
CanvasbackAythya valisineria Waterfowl Not recorded 26 d 11–16 d
Cape Barren GooseCereopsis novaehollandiae Waterfowl Not recorded 35 d 15–22 d
Cape TealAnas capensis Waterfowl Not recorded 24 d 10–15 d
Carib GrackleQuiscalus lugubris Orioles & blackbirds Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Carrion CrowCorvus corone Crows & jays Not recorded 19 d 8–12 d
Cassin's FinchHaemorhous cassinii Canaries & finches Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Caucasian GrouseLyrurus mlokosiewiczi Grouse Not recorded 22 d 9–14 d
Caucasian SnowcockTetraogallus caucasicus Partridges Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
Channel-billed ToucanRamphastos vitellinus Toucans Not recorded 16 d 7–10 d
Cheer PheasantCatreus wallichii Pheasants Not recorded 26 d 11–16 d
Chestnut BulbulHemixos castanonotus Bulbuls Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Chestnut TealAnas castanea Waterfowl Not recorded 26 d 11–16 d
Chihuahuan RavenCorvus cryptoleucus Crows & jays Not recorded 21 d 9–13 d
Chilean FlamingoPhoenicopterus chilensis Flamingos Not recorded 30 d 13–19 d
Chinese Blue FlycatcherCyornis glaucicomans Chats & flycatchers Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Chukar PartridgeAlectoris chukar Partridges Not recorded 24 d 10–15 d
Cinereous BulbulHemixos cinereus Bulbuls Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Cinnamon-bellied FlowerpiercerDiglossa baritula Tanagers Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Cinnamon-rumped SeedeaterSporophila torqueola Tanagers Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Cirl BuntingEmberiza cirlus Buntings Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Clark's NutcrackerNucifraga columbiana Crows & jays Not recorded 18 d 8–11 d
Clay-colored ThrushTurdus grayi Thrushes Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Cobalt-rumped ParrotletForpus xanthopterygius Parrotlets Not recorded 18 d 8–11 d
Cocoa ThrushTurdus fumigatus Thrushes Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Coconut LorikeetTrichoglossus haematodus Lories Not recorded 25 d 11–16 d
Comb DuckSarkidiornis sylvicola Waterfowl Not recorded 29 d 12–18 d
Common BlackbirdTurdus merula Thrushes Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Common CraneGrus grus Cranes Not recorded 30 d 13–19 d
Common EiderSomateria mollissima Waterfowl Not recorded 26 d 11–16 d
Common Emerald DoveChalcophaps indica Doves & pigeons Not recorded 15 d 6–9 d
Common GoldeneyeBucephala clangula Waterfowl Not recorded 30 d 13–19 d
Common GrackleQuiscalus quiscula Orioles & blackbirds Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Common Ground DoveColumbina passerina Doves & pigeons Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Common LinnetLinaria cannabina Canaries & finches Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Common MerganserMergus merganser Waterfowl Not recorded 30 d 13–19 d
Common MynaAcridotheres tristis Starlings & mynahs Not recorded 18 d 8–11 d
Common NightingaleLuscinia megarhynchos Chats & flycatchers Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Common OstrichStruthio camelus Ratites Not recorded 45 d 19–28 d
Common PheasantPhasianus colchicus Pheasants Not recorded 24 d 10–15 d
Common PochardAythya ferina Waterfowl Not recorded 27 d 11–17 d
Common QuailCoturnix coturnix Quail Not recorded 17 d 7–11 d
Common RedstartPhoenicurus phoenicurus Chats & flycatchers Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Common Reed BuntingEmberiza schoeniclus Buntings Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Common RosefinchCarpodacus erythrinus Canaries & finches Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Common ScoterMelanitta nigra Waterfowl Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
Common ShelduckTadorna tadorna Waterfowl Not recorded 30 d 13–19 d
Common StarlingSturnus vulgaris Starlings & mynahs Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Common WaxbillEstrilda astrild Waxbills & mannikins Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Common Wood PigeonColumba palumbus Doves & pigeons Not recorded 17 d 7–11 d
Comoro FodyFoudia eminentissima Weavers Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Comoro Green PigeonTreron griveaudi Doves & pigeons Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Cordon BleuUraeginthus bengalus Finches Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Corn BuntingEmberiza calandra Buntings Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Coroneted Fruit DovePtilinopus coronulatus Doves & pigeons Not recorded 18 d 8–11 d
Coscoroba SwanCoscoroba coscoroba Waterfowl Not recorded 35 d 15–22 d
Crested DuckLophonetta specularioides Waterfowl Not recorded 30 d 13–19 d
Crested MynaAcridotheres cristatellus Starlings & mynahs Not recorded 15 d 6–9 d
Crested OropendolaPsarocolius decumanus Orioles & blackbirds Not recorded 18 d 8–11 d
Crimson RosellaPlatycercus elegans Parakeets Not recorded 21 d 9–13 d
Crimson SeedcrackerPyrenestes sanguineus Waxbills & mannikins Not recorded 16 d 7–10 d
Crimson-backed TanagerRamphocelus dimidiatus Tanagers Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Cut-throat FinchAmadina fasciata Waxbills & mannikins Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Dagua ThrushTurdus daguae Thrushes Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Damara Red-billed HornbillTockus damarensis Hornbills Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
Demoiselle CraneGrus virgo Cranes Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
Diamond DoveGeopelia cuneata Doves Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
DickcisselSpiza americana Cardinals & grosbeaks Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Dusky GrouseDendragapus obscurus Grouse Not recorded 25 d 11–16 d
Dusky TwinspotEuschistospiza cinereovinacea Waxbills & mannikins Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Dwarf CassowaryCasuarius bennetti Ratites Not recorded 50 d 21–31 d
Eared DoveZenaida auriculata Doves & pigeons Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Eastern BluebirdSialia sialis Thrushes Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Eastern Crested GuineafowlGuttera pucherani Guineafowl Not recorded 23 d 10–14 d
Eastern MeadowlarkSturnella magna Orioles & blackbirds Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Eastern Miombo SunbirdCinnyris manoensis Sunbirds Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Eastern RosellaPlatycercus eximius Parakeets Not recorded 19 d 8–12 d
Eastern Spot-billed DuckAnas zonorhyncha Waterfowl Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
Eaton's PintailAnas eatoni Waterfowl Not recorded 22 d 9–14 d
Echo ParakeetPsittacula eques Parakeets Not recorded 23 d 10–14 d
Eclectus ParrotEclectus roratus Eclectus Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
Egyptian GooseAlopochen aegyptiaca Waterfowl Not recorded 29 d 12–18 d
Elegant ParrotNeophema elegans Parakeets Not recorded 18 d 8–11 d
Elegant QuailCallipepla douglasii New World quail Not recorded 22 d 9–14 d
Emerald StarlingLamprotornis iris Starlings & mynahs Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Emerald-spotted Wood DoveTurtur chalcospilos Doves & pigeons Not recorded 17 d 7–11 d
EmuDromaius novaehollandiae Ratites Not recorded 56 d 24–35 d
Eurasian BullfinchPyrrhula pyrrhula Canaries & finches Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Eurasian ChaffinchFringilla coelebs Canaries & finches Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Eurasian Collared DoveStreptopelia decaocto Doves & pigeons Not recorded 15 d 6–9 d
Eurasian JayGarrulus glandarius Crows & jays Not recorded 16 d 7–10 d
Eurasian MagpiePica pica Crows & jays Not recorded 19 d 8–12 d
Eurasian SiskinSpinus spinus Canaries & finches Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Eurasian Tree SparrowPasser montanus Sparrows Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
European GoldfinchCarduelis carduelis Canaries & finches Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
European GreenfinchChloris chloris Canaries & finches Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
European Pied FlycatcherFicedula hypoleuca Chats & flycatchers Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
European RobinErithacus rubecula Chats & flycatchers Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
European StonechatSaxicola rubicola Chats & flycatchers Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
European Turtle DoveStreptopelia turtur Doves & pigeons Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Evening GrosbeakHesperiphona vespertina Canaries & finches Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Falkland Steamer DuckTachyeres brachypterus Waterfowl Not recorded 34 d 14–21 d
Ferruginous DuckAythya nyroca Waterfowl Not recorded 26 d 11–16 d
FieldfareTurdus pilaris Thrushes Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Finn's WeaverPloceus megarhynchus Weavers Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Fish CrowCorvus ossifragus Crows & jays Not recorded 17 d 7–11 d
Flores Green PigeonTreron floris Doves & pigeons Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Florida Scrub JayAphelocoma coerulescens Crows & jays Not recorded 17 d 7–11 d
Flying Steamer DuckTachyeres patachonicus Waterfowl Not recorded 35 d 15–22 d
Forest FodyFoudia omissa Weavers Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Freckled DuckStictonetta naevosa Waterfowl Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
Fuegian Steamer DuckTachyeres pteneres Waterfowl Not recorded 35 d 15–22 d
Fulvous Whistling DuckDendrocygna bicolor Waterfowl Not recorded 26 d 11–16 d
Gambel's QuailCallipepla gambelii New World quail Not recorded 22 d 9–14 d
Gang-gang CockatooCallocephalon fimbriatum Cockatoos Not recorded 29 d 12–18 d
Glossy Black CockatooCalyptorhynchus lathami Cockatoos Not recorded 29 d 12–18 d
Godlewski's BuntingEmberiza godlewskii Buntings Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Golden PheasantChrysolophus pictus Pheasants Not recorded 22 d 9–14 d
Gouldian FinchChloebia gouldiae Finches Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Great ArgusArgusianus argus Pheasants Not recorded 24 d 10–15 d
Great HornbillBuceros bicornis Hornbills Not recorded 31 d 13–19 d
Great-tailed GrackleQuiscalus mexicanus Orioles & blackbirds Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Greater Double-collared SunbirdCinnyris afer Sunbirds Not recorded 15 d 6–9 d
Greater FlamingoPhoenicopterus roseus Flamingos Not recorded 30 d 13–19 d
Greater Prairie ChickenTympanuchus cupido Pheasants Not recorded 24 d 10–15 d
Greater RheaRhea americana Ratites Not recorded 37 d 16–23 d
Greater ScaupAythya marila Waterfowl Not recorded 26 d 11–16 d
Greater White-fronted GooseAnser albifrons Waterfowl Not recorded 27 d 11–17 d
Green HoneycreeperChlorophanes spiza Tanagers Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Green JayCyanocorax yncas Crows & jays Not recorded 16 d 7–10 d
Green PeafowlPavo muticus Peafowl Not recorded 27 d 11–17 d
Green PheasantPhasianus versicolor Pheasants Not recorded 24 d 10–15 d
Green RosellaPlatycercus caledonicus Parakeets Not recorded 21 d 9–13 d
Green TwinspotMandingoa nitidula Waxbills & mannikins Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Green-rumped ParrotletForpus passerinus Parrotlets Not recorded 18 d 8–11 d
Green-winged PytiliaPytilia melba Waxbills & mannikins Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Green-winged TealAnas crecca Waterfowl Not recorded 22 d 9–14 d
Grey Crowned CraneBalearica regulorum Cranes Not recorded 30 d 13–19 d
Grey JunglefowlGallus sonneratii Pheasants Not recorded 20 d 8–12 d
Grey PartridgePerdix perdix Partridges Not recorded 24 d 10–15 d
Grey Peacock-PheasantPolyplectron bicalcaratum Peafowl Not recorded 21 d 9–13 d
Grey TealAnas gracilis Waterfowl Not recorded 25 d 11–16 d
Grey-cheeked Green PigeonTreron griseicauda Doves & pigeons Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Grey-cheeked ThrushCatharus minimus Thrushes Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Grey-crowned Rosy FinchLeucosticte tephrocotis Canaries & finches Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Grey-fronted Green PigeonTreron affinis Doves & pigeons Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Grey-headed LovebirdAgapornis canus Lovebirds Not recorded 23 d 10–14 d
Grey-headed TanagerEucometis penicillata Tanagers Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Greylag GooseAnser anser Waterfowl Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
Ground ParrotPezoporus wallicus Parrots Not recorded 21 d 9–13 d
Hainan Peacock-PheasantPolyplectron katsumatae Peafowl Not recorded 21 d 9–13 d
HardheadAythya australis Waterfowl Not recorded 25 d 11–16 d
Harlequin DuckHistrionicus histrionicus Waterfowl Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
Harlequin QuailCoturnix delegorguei Quail Not recorded 18 d 8–11 d
Hartlaub's DuckPteronetta hartlaubii Waterfowl Not recorded 32 d 13–20 d
Hawaii AkepaLoxops coccineus Canaries & finches Not recorded 15 d 6–9 d
Hawaii AmakihiChlorodrepanis virens Canaries & finches Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Hawaiian CrowCorvus hawaiiensis Crows & jays Not recorded 20 d 8–12 d
Hawaiian DuckAnas wyvilliana Waterfowl Not recorded 26 d 11–16 d
HawfinchCoccothraustes coccothraustes Canaries & finches Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Hazel GrouseTetrastes bonasia Grouse Not recorded 25 d 11–16 d
Helmeted GuineafowlNumida meleagris Guineafowl Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
Hermit ThrushCatharus guttatus Thrushes Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Himalayan BulbulPycnonotus leucogenys Bulbuls Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Himalayan MonalLophophorus impejanus Pheasants Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
Himalayan SnowcockTetraogallus himalayensis Partridges Not recorded 31 d 13–19 d
Hispaniolan CrossbillLoxia megaplaga Canaries & finches Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Hooded MannikinLonchura spectabilis Waxbills & mannikins Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Hooded MerganserLophodytes cucullatus Waterfowl Not recorded 31 d 13–19 d
Hooded OrioleIcterus cucullatus Orioles & blackbirds Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
House CrowCorvus splendens Crows & jays Not recorded 16 d 7–10 d
House FinchHaemorhous mexicanus Canaries & finches Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
House SparrowPasser domesticus Sparrows Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Hunter's SunbirdChalcomitra hunteri Sunbirds Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Iberian MagpieCyanopica cooki Crows & jays Not recorded 15 d 6–9 d
Icterine GreenbulPhyllastrephus icterinus Bulbuls Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Inca DoveColumbina inca Doves & pigeons Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Indian BlackbirdTurdus simillimus Thrushes Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Indian PeafowlPavo cristatus Peafowl Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
Indian RobinCopsychus fulicatus Chats & flycatchers Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Indian Spot-billed DuckAnas poecilorhyncha Waterfowl Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
Indian White-eyeZosterops palpebrosus White-eyes Not recorded 11 d 5–7 d
Indigo BuntingPasserina cyanea Cardinals & grosbeaks Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Isabelline WheatearOenanthe isabellina Chats & flycatchers Not recorded 15 d 6–9 d
Island Scrub JayAphelocoma insularis Crows & jays Not recorded 18 d 8–11 d
Italian SparrowPasser italiae Sparrows Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Jackson's HornbillTockus jacksoni Hornbills Not recorded 25 d 11–16 d
Japanese QuailCoturnix japonica Quail Not recorded 17 d 7–11 d
Java SparrowLonchura oryzivora Finches Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Jungle Bush QuailPerdicula asiatica Quail Not recorded 17 d 7–11 d
Kalij PheasantLophura leucomelanos Pheasants Not recorded 25 d 11–16 d
Kashmir NutcrackerNucifraga multipunctata Crows & jays Not recorded 18 d 8–11 d
Kauai AmakihiChlorodrepanis stejnegeri Canaries & finches Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Keel-billed ToucanRamphastos sulfuratus Toucans Not recorded 16 d 7–10 d
Kelp GooseChloephaga hybrida Waterfowl Not recorded 30 d 13–19 d
King EiderSomateria spectabilis Waterfowl Not recorded 23 d 10–14 d
Knob-billed DuckSarkidiornis melanotos Waterfowl Not recorded 29 d 12–18 d
Knob-billed Fruit DovePtilinopus insolitus Doves & pigeons Not recorded 19 d 8–12 d
Knysna TuracoTauraco corythaix Turacos Not recorded 24 d 10–15 d
Koklass PheasantPucrasia macrolopha Pheasants Not recorded 22 d 9–14 d
Lady Amherst's PheasantChrysolophus amherstiae Pheasants Not recorded 24 d 10–15 d
Large-billed CrowCorvus macrorhynchos Crows & jays Not recorded 18 d 8–11 d
Laughing DoveSpilopelia senegalensis Doves & pigeons Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Laysan DuckAnas laysanensis Waterfowl Not recorded 27 d 11–17 d
Laysan FinchTelespiza cantans Canaries & finches Not recorded 16 d 7–10 d
Lazuli BuntingPasserina amoena Cardinals & grosbeaks Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Leaf LorikeetTrichoglossus weberi Lories Not recorded 25 d 11–16 d
Lesser FlamingoPhoeniconaias minor Flamingos Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
Lesser GoldfinchSpinus psaltria Canaries & finches Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Lesser Prairie ChickenTympanuchus pallidicinctus Pheasants Not recorded 23 d 10–14 d
Lesser RheaRhea pennata Ratites Not recorded 38 d 16–24 d
Lesser ScaupAythya affinis Waterfowl Not recorded 24 d 10–15 d
Lesser Whistling DuckDendrocygna javanica Waterfowl Not recorded 27 d 11–17 d
Lesser White-fronted GooseAnser erythropus Waterfowl Not recorded 26 d 11–16 d
Little BuntingEmberiza pusilla Buntings Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Long-billed CorellaCacatua tenuirostris Cockatoos Not recorded 25 d 11–16 d
Long-tailed DuckClangula hyemalis Waterfowl Not recorded 25 d 11–16 d
Long-tailed FinchPoephila acuticauda Waxbills & mannikins Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Loten's SunbirdCinnyris lotenius Sunbirds Not recorded 15 d 6–9 d
Ludwig's Double-collared SunbirdCinnyris ludovicensis Sunbirds Not recorded 15 d 6–9 d
Maccoa DuckOxyura maccoa Waterfowl Not recorded 26 d 11–16 d
Madagascar Green PigeonTreron australis Doves & pigeons Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Malabar Whistling ThrushMyophonus horsfieldii Chats & flycatchers Not recorded 16 d 7–10 d
Malachite SunbirdNectarinia famosa Sunbirds Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
MallardAnas platyrhynchos Waterfowl Not recorded 26 d 11–16 d
Mandarin DuckAix galericulata Waterfowl Not recorded 29 d 12–18 d
Maned DuckChenonetta jubata Waterfowl Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
Marbled DuckMarmaronetta angustirostris Waterfowl Not recorded 25 d 11–16 d
Marbled Wood QuailOdontophorus gujanensis New World quail Not recorded 26 d 11–16 d
Marico SunbirdCinnyris mariquensis Sunbirds Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Marigold LorikeetTrichoglossus capistratus Lories Not recorded 25 d 11–16 d
Maui AlauahioParoreomyza montana Canaries & finches Not recorded 16 d 7–10 d
Meller's DuckAnas melleri Waterfowl Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
Mexican DuckAnas diazi Waterfowl Not recorded 26 d 11–16 d
Mexican JayAphelocoma wollweberi Crows & jays Not recorded 18 d 8–11 d
Mistle ThrushTurdus viscivorus Thrushes Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Montezuma QuailCyrtonyx montezumae New World quail Not recorded 26 d 11–16 d
Mottled DuckAnas fulvigula Waterfowl Not recorded 26 d 11–16 d
Mountain Bamboo PartridgeBambusicola fytchii Partridges Not recorded 18 d 8–11 d
Mountain BluebirdSialia currucoides Thrushes Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Mountain QuailOreortyx pictus New World quail Not recorded 24 d 10–15 d
Mourning Collared DoveStreptopelia decipiens Doves & pigeons Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Mourning DoveZenaida macroura Doves & pigeons Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Muscovy DuckCairina moschata Waterfowl Not recorded 34 d 14–21 d
Mute SwanCygnus olor Waterfowl Not recorded 36 d 15–22 d
NeneBranta sandvicensis Waterfowl Not recorded 30 d 13–19 d
Nepal FulvettaAlcippe nipalensis Laughingthrushes Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
New Zealand ScaupAythya novaeseelandiae Waterfowl Not recorded 26 d 11–16 d
Nicobar PigeonCaloenas nicobarica Doves & pigeons Not recorded 17 d 7–11 d
Nihoa FinchTelespiza ultima Canaries & finches Not recorded 15 d 6–9 d
Northern BobwhiteColinus virginianus New World quail Not recorded 23 d 10–14 d
Northern CardinalCardinalis cardinalis Cardinals & grosbeaks Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Northern Emerald ToucanetAulacorhynchus prasinus Toucans Not recorded 16 d 7–10 d
Northern NutcrackerNucifraga caryocatactes Crows & jays Not recorded 18 d 8–11 d
Northern PintailAnas acuta Waterfowl Not recorded 22 d 9–14 d
Northern RavenCorvus corax Crows & jays Not recorded 19 d 8–12 d
Northern Red BishopEuplectes franciscanus Weavers Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Northern Red-billed HornbillTockus erythrorhynchus Hornbills Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
Northern RosellaPlatycercus venustus Parakeets Not recorded 20 d 8–12 d
Northern WheatearOenanthe oenanthe Chats & flycatchers Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Olive SunbirdCyanomitra olivacea Sunbirds Not recorded 15 d 6–9 d
Orange-bellied ParrotNeophema chrysogaster Parakeets Not recorded 21 d 9–13 d
Orange-billed Nightingale-ThrushCatharus aurantiirostris Thrushes Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Orange-breasted Green PigeonTreron bicinctus Doves & pigeons Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Orange-breasted SunbirdAnthobaphes violacea Sunbirds Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Orange-breasted WaxbillAmandava subflava Waxbills & mannikins Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Orange-fronted ParakeetEupsittula canicularis Conures Not recorded 30 d 13–19 d
Orange-headed ThrushGeokichla citrina Thrushes Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Orange-winged PytiliaPytilia afra Waxbills & mannikins Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Orchard OrioleIcterus spurius Orioles & blackbirds Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Oriental Magpie-RobinCopsychus saularis Chats & flycatchers Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Oriental Turtle DoveStreptopelia orientalis Doves & pigeons Not recorded 20 d 8–12 d
Orinoco GooseNeochen jubata Waterfowl Not recorded 29 d 12–18 d
Ortolan BuntingEmberiza hortulana Buntings Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Owl FinchTaeniopygia bichenovii Finches Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Pacific Emerald DoveChalcophaps longirostris Doves & pigeons Not recorded 15 d 6–9 d
Painted BuntingPasserina ciris Cardinals & grosbeaks Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Painted Bush QuailPerdicula erythrorhyncha Quail Not recorded 17 d 7–11 d
Painted FinchEmblema pictum Waxbills & mannikins Not recorded 17 d 7–11 d
Palawan Peacock-PheasantPolyplectron napoleonis Peafowl Not recorded 19 d 8–12 d
Pale-breasted ThrushTurdus leucomelas Thrushes Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Pale-vented ThrushTurdus obsoletus Thrushes Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
PalilaLoxioides bailleui Canaries & finches Not recorded 16 d 7–10 d
Pallas's Reed BuntingEmberiza pallasi Buntings Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Palm CockatooProbosciger aterrimus Cockatoos Not recorded 33 d 14–20 d
Palm TanagerThraupis palmarum Tanagers Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Paradise ShelduckTadorna variegata Waterfowl Not recorded 30 d 13–19 d
Peaceful DoveGeopelia placida Doves Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Pheasant PigeonOtidiphaps nobilis Doves & pigeons Not recorded 24 d 10–15 d
Philippine DuckAnas luzonica Waterfowl Not recorded 26 d 11–16 d
Philippine Green PigeonTreron axillaris Doves & pigeons Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Philippine Magpie-RobinCopsychus mindanensis Chats & flycatchers Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Pied Bush ChatSaxicola caprata Chats & flycatchers Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Pine GrosbeakPinicola enucleator Canaries & finches Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Pine SiskinSpinus pinus Canaries & finches Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Pink-eared DuckMalacorhynchus membranaceus Waterfowl Not recorded 26 d 11–16 d
Pink-footed GooseAnser brachyrhynchus Waterfowl Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
Pinyon JayGymnorhinus cyanocephalus Crows & jays Not recorded 16 d 7–10 d
Plain-breasted Ground DoveColumbina minuta Doves & pigeons Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Plumed Whistling DuckDendrocygna eytoni Waterfowl Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
Prigogine's Double-collared SunbirdCinnyris prigoginei Sunbirds Not recorded 15 d 6–9 d
Prong-billed BarbetSemnornis frantzii Barbets Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Przevalski's PartridgeAlectoris magna Partridges Not recorded 25 d 11–16 d
Purple FinchHaemorhous purpureus Canaries & finches Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Purple SunbirdCinnyris asiaticus Sunbirds Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Purple-rumped SunbirdLeptocoma zeylonica Sunbirds Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
PyrrhuloxiaCardinalis sinuatus Cardinals & grosbeaks Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
QuailfinchOrtygospiza atricollis Waxbills & mannikins Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Rain QuailCoturnix coromandelica Quail Not recorded 18 d 8–11 d
Red CrossbillLoxia curvirostra Canaries & finches Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Red JunglefowlGallus gallus Pheasants Not recorded 20 d 8–12 d
Red-billed ChoughPyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax Crows & jays Not recorded 19 d 8–12 d
Red-billed FirefinchLagonosticta senegala Waxbills & mannikins Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Red-billed LeiothrixLeiothrix lutea Laughingthrushes Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Red-billed PytiliaPytilia lineata Waxbills & mannikins Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Red-billed QueleaQuelea quelea Weavers Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Red-billed TealAnas erythrorhyncha Waterfowl Not recorded 25 d 11–16 d
Red-breasted GooseBranta ruficollis Waterfowl Not recorded 25 d 11–16 d
Red-breasted MerganserMergus serrator Waterfowl Not recorded 32 d 13–20 d
Red-browed FinchNeochmia temporalis Waxbills & mannikins Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Red-capped ParrotPurpureicephalus spurius Parrots Not recorded 20 d 8–12 d
Red-collared LorikeetTrichoglossus rubritorquis Lories Not recorded 25 d 11–16 d
Red-crested PochardNetta rufina Waterfowl Not recorded 27 d 11–17 d
Red-crowned Ant TanagerHabia rubica Cardinals & grosbeaks Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Red-crowned CraneGrus japonensis Cranes Not recorded 32 d 13–20 d
Red-eyed DoveStreptopelia semitorquata Doves & pigeons Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Red-fan ParrotDeroptyus accipitrinus Parrots Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
Red-fronted SerinSerinus pusillus Canaries Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Red-headed BluebillSpermophaga ruficapilla Waxbills & mannikins Not recorded 18 d 8–11 d
Red-headed FinchAmadina erythrocephala Waxbills & mannikins Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Red-headed LovebirdAgapornis pullarius Lovebirds Not recorded 23 d 10–14 d
Red-legged HoneycreeperCyanerpes cyaneus Tanagers Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Red-legged PartridgeAlectoris rufa Partridges Not recorded 24 d 10–15 d
Red-necked TanagerTangara cyanocephala Tanagers Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Red-shouldered BlackbirdAgelaius assimilis Orioles & blackbirds Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Red-tailed Black CockatooCalyptorhynchus banksii Cockatoos Not recorded 29 d 12–18 d
Red-throated TwinspotHypargos niveoguttatus Waxbills & mannikins Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Red-vented BulbulPycnonotus cafer Bulbuls Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Red-whiskered BulbulPycnonotus jocosus Bulbuls Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Red-winged BlackbirdAgelaius phoeniceus Orioles & blackbirds Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Red-winged ParrotAprosmictus erythropterus Parrots Not recorded 21 d 9–13 d
Red-winged PytiliaPytilia phoenicoptera Waxbills & mannikins Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
RedheadAythya americana Waterfowl Not recorded 25 d 11–16 d
RedpollAcanthis flammea Canaries & finches Not recorded 10 d 4–6 d
RedwingTurdus iliacus Thrushes Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Reeves's PheasantSyrmaticus reevesii Pheasants Not recorded 24 d 10–15 d
Regent ParrotPolytelis anthopeplus Parakeets Not recorded 21 d 9–13 d
Reunion StonechatSaxicola tectes Chats & flycatchers Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Ring OuzelTurdus torquatus Thrushes Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Ring-necked DoveStreptopelia capicola Doves & pigeons Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Ring-necked DoveStreptopelia risoria Doves Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Ring-necked DuckAythya collaris Waterfowl Not recorded 27 d 11–17 d
Ringed TealCallonetta leucophrys Waterfowl Not recorded 29 d 12–18 d
Rock BuntingEmberiza cia Buntings Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Rock Bush QuailPerdicula argoondah Quail Not recorded 17 d 7–11 d
Rock DoveColumba livia Doves & pigeons Not recorded 18 d 8–11 d
Rock ParrotNeophema petrophila Parakeets Not recorded 18 d 8–11 d
Rock PartridgeAlectoris graeca Partridges Not recorded 25 d 11–16 d
Rock PtarmiganLagopus muta Grouse Not recorded 22 d 9–14 d
Rock SparrowPetronia petronia Sparrows Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
RookCorvus frugilegus Crows & jays Not recorded 17 d 7–11 d
Rose-breasted GrosbeakPheucticus ludovicianus Cardinals & grosbeaks Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Rosy-billed PochardNetta peposaca Waterfowl Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
Ruddy DuckOxyura jamaicensis Waterfowl Not recorded 24 d 10–15 d
Ruddy Ground DoveColumbina talpacoti Doves & pigeons Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Ruddy Quail-DoveGeotrygon montana Doves & pigeons Not recorded 10 d 4–6 d
Ruddy ShelduckTadorna ferruginea Waterfowl Not recorded 29 d 12–18 d
Ruddy-capped Nightingale-ThrushCatharus frantzii Thrushes Not recorded 15 d 6–9 d
Ruddy-headed GooseChloephaga rubidiceps Waterfowl Not recorded 30 d 13–19 d
Ruffed GrouseBonasa umbellus Grouse Not recorded 24 d 10–15 d
Rufous-bellied NiltavaNiltava sundara Chats & flycatchers Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Rufous-throated PartridgeArborophila rufogularis Partridges Not recorded 20 d 8–12 d
Russet Nightingale-ThrushCatharus occidentalis Thrushes Not recorded 15 d 6–9 d
Rustic BuntingEmberiza rustica Buntings Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Rusty BlackbirdEuphagus carolinus Orioles & blackbirds Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Rusty FlowerpiercerDiglossa sittoides Tanagers Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Rwenzori Double-collared SunbirdCinnyris stuhlmanni Sunbirds Not recorded 15 d 6–9 d
Sage GrouseCentrocercus urophasianus Grouse Not recorded 26 d 11–16 d
Scaled QuailCallipepla squamata New World quail Not recorded 22 d 9–14 d
Scaly-breasted MuniaLonchura punctulata Waxbills & mannikins Not recorded 16 d 7–10 d
Scarlet TanagerPiranga olivacea Cardinals & grosbeaks Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Scarlet-chested SunbirdChalcomitra senegalensis Sunbirds Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Scarlet-rumped TanagerRamphocelus passerinii Tanagers Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Scott's OrioleIcterus parisorum Orioles & blackbirds Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Scottish CrossbillLoxia scotica Canaries & finches Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
See-see PartridgeAmmoperdix griseogularis Partridges Not recorded 21 d 9–13 d
Sharp-tailed GrouseTympanuchus phasianellus Grouse Not recorded 24 d 10–15 d
Shiny CowbirdMolothrus bonariensis Orioles & blackbirds Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Siberian JayPerisoreus infaustus Crows & jays Not recorded 19 d 8–12 d
Siberian StonechatSaxicola maurus Chats & flycatchers Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Silver PheasantLophura nycthemera Pheasants Not recorded 26 d 11–16 d
Silver-beaked TanagerRamphocelus carbo Tanagers Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Silver-eared MesiaLeiothrix argentauris Laughingthrushes Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
SilvereyeZosterops lateralis White-eyes Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Slaty FlowerpiercerDiglossa plumbea Tanagers Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
SmewMergellus albellus Waterfowl Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
Snow PigeonColumba leuconota Doves & pigeons Not recorded 18 d 8–11 d
Sociable WeaverPhiletairus socius Weavers Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Society (Bengalese) FinchLonchura striata domestica Finches Not recorded 16 d 7–10 d
Somali CrowCorvus edithae Crows & jays Not recorded 21 d 9–13 d
Somali OstrichStruthio molybdophanes Ratites Not recorded 45 d 19–28 d
Somali WheatearOenanthe phillipsi Chats & flycatchers Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Song ThrushTurdus philomelos Thrushes Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Sooty GrouseDendragapus fuliginosus Grouse Not recorded 25 d 11–16 d
South African ShelduckTadorna cana Waterfowl Not recorded 30 d 13–19 d
Southern CassowaryCasuarius casuarius Ratites Not recorded 50 d 21–31 d
Southern Double-collared SunbirdCinnyris chalybeus Sunbirds Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Southern Emerald ToucanetAulacorhynchus albivitta Toucans Not recorded 16 d 7–10 d
Southern Ground HornbillBucorvus leadbeateri Hornbills Not recorded 40 d 17–25 d
Southern Pied BabblerTurdoides bicolor Laughingthrushes Not recorded 16 d 7–10 d
Southern PochardNetta erythrophthalma Waterfowl Not recorded 26 d 11–16 d
Southern Red BishopEuplectes orix Weavers Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Southern Red-billed HornbillTockus rufirostris Hornbills Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
Speckled MousebirdColius striatus Mousebirds Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Speckled PigeonColumba guinea Doves & pigeons Not recorded 16 d 7–10 d
Spectacled EiderSomateria fischeri Waterfowl Not recorded 24 d 10–15 d
Spot-crowned EuphoniaEuphonia imitans Canaries & finches Not recorded 18 d 8–11 d
Spotted DoveSpilopelia chinensis Doves & pigeons Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Spotted FlycatcherMuscicapa striata Chats & flycatchers Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Spotted Whistling DuckDendrocygna guttata Waterfowl Not recorded 30 d 13–19 d
Spur-winged GoosePlectropterus gambensis Waterfowl Not recorded 32 d 13–20 d
Sri Lanka Green PigeonTreron pompadora Doves & pigeons Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Sri Lanka JunglefowlGallus lafayettii Pheasants Not recorded 20 d 8–12 d
Star FinchBathilda ruficauda Finches Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Steller's EiderPolysticta stelleri Waterfowl Not recorded 26 d 11–16 d
Steller's JayCyanocitta stelleri Crows & jays Not recorded 16 d 7–10 d
Stock DoveColumba oenas Doves & pigeons Not recorded 17 d 7–11 d
Streaked WeaverPloceus manyar Weavers Not recorded 16 d 7–10 d
Sumatran LaughingthrushGarrulax bicolor Laughingthrushes Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Sumba Green PigeonTreron teysmannii Doves & pigeons Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Summer TanagerPiranga rubra Cardinals & grosbeaks Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Sunda TealAnas gibberifrons Waterfowl Not recorded 25 d 11–16 d
Sunset LorikeetTrichoglossus forsteni Lories Not recorded 25 d 11–16 d
Superb ParrotPolytelis swainsonii Parakeets Not recorded 20 d 8–12 d
Swainson's ThrushCatharus ustulatus Thrushes Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Swallow TanagerTersina viridis Tanagers Not recorded 15 d 6–9 d
Swan GooseAnser cygnoides Waterfowl Not recorded 29 d 12–18 d
Swift ParrotLathamus discolor Parrots Not recorded 20 d 8–12 d
Taiga Bean GooseAnser fabalis Waterfowl Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
Tanzanian Red-billed HornbillTockus ruahae Hornbills Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
Thick-billed ParrotRhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha Parrots Not recorded 26 d 11–16 d
Thrush NightingaleLuscinia luscinia Chats & flycatchers Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Tibetan BlackbirdTurdus maximus Thrushes Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Tibetan Eared PheasantCrossoptilon harmani Pheasants Not recorded 24 d 10–15 d
Tibetan SnowfinchMontifringilla henrici Sparrows Not recorded 18 d 8–11 d
Timor Green PigeonTreron psittaceus Doves & pigeons Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Toco ToucanRamphastos toco Toucans Not recorded 15 d 6–9 d
Transvolcanic JayAphelocoma ultramarina Crows & jays Not recorded 18 d 8–11 d
Tricolored BlackbirdAgelaius tricolor Orioles & blackbirds Not recorded 11 d 5–7 d
Trocaz PigeonColumba trocaz Doves & pigeons Not recorded 20 d 8–12 d
Trumpeter SwanCygnus buccinator Waterfowl Not recorded 35 d 15–22 d
Tufted DuckAythya fuligula Waterfowl Not recorded 24 d 10–15 d
Tundra Bean GooseAnser serrirostris Waterfowl Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
Turkestan Ground JayPodoces panderi Crows & jays Not recorded 18 d 8–11 d
TwiteLinaria flavirostris Canaries & finches Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Two-barred CrossbillLoxia leucoptera Canaries & finches Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Upland GooseChloephaga picta Waterfowl Not recorded 31 d 13–19 d
Variable SeedeaterSporophila corvina Tanagers Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Variable SunbirdCinnyris venustus Sunbirds Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Varied SolitaireMyadestes coloratus Thrushes Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Varied ThrushIxoreus naevius Thrushes Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
VeeryCatharus fuscescens Thrushes Not recorded 11 d 5–7 d
Velvet ScoterMelanitta fusca Waterfowl Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
Vietnamese GreenfinchChloris monguilloti Canaries & finches Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Village IndigobirdVidua chalybeata Whydahs Not recorded 10 d 4–6 d
Village WeaverPloceus cucullatus Weavers Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Von der Decken's HornbillTockus deckeni Hornbills Not recorded 25 d 11–16 d
Wandering Whistling DuckDendrocygna arcuata Waterfowl Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
Warbling White-eyeZosterops japonicus White-eyes Not recorded 11 d 5–7 d
Wattled CraneGrus carunculata Cranes Not recorded 36 d 15–22 d
Wedge-tailed Green PigeonTreron sphenurus Doves & pigeons Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
West Indian Whistling DuckDendrocygna arborea Waterfowl Not recorded 30 d 13–19 d
West Peruvian DoveZenaida meloda Doves & pigeons Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Western BluebillSpermophaga haematina Waxbills & mannikins Not recorded 15 d 6–9 d
Western BluebirdSialia mexicana Thrushes Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Western CapercaillieTetrao urogallus Grouse Not recorded 25 d 11–16 d
Western Crowned PigeonGoura cristata Doves & pigeons Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
Western JackdawColoeus monedula Crows & jays Not recorded 18 d 8–11 d
Western MeadowlarkSturnella neglecta Orioles & blackbirds Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Western Red-billed HornbillTockus kempi Hornbills Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
Western RosellaPlatycercus icterotis Parakeets Not recorded 19 d 8–12 d
Western TanagerPiranga ludoviciana Cardinals & grosbeaks Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Western TragopanTragopan melanocephalus Pheasants Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
WhinchatSaxicola rubetra Chats & flycatchers Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Whiskered YuhinaYuhina flavicollis White-eyes Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
White Eared PheasantCrossoptilon crossoptilon Pheasants Not recorded 24 d 10–15 d
White-backed DuckThalassornis leuconotus Waterfowl Not recorded 36 d 15–22 d
White-bellied SunbirdCinnyris talatala Sunbirds Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
White-cheeked PintailAnas bahamensis Waterfowl Not recorded 26 d 11–16 d
White-crested LaughingthrushGarrulax leucolophus Laughingthrushes Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
White-crowned PigeonPatagioenas leucocephala Doves & pigeons Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
White-crowned ShamaCopsychus stricklandii Chats & flycatchers Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
White-eared BulbulPycnonotus leucotis Bulbuls Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
White-eyed ParakeetPsittacara leucophthalmus Conures Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
White-faced Whistling DuckDendrocygna viduata Waterfowl Not recorded 27 d 11–17 d
White-headed DuckOxyura leucocephala Waterfowl Not recorded 26 d 11–16 d
White-lined TanagerTachyphonus rufus Tanagers Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
White-necked ThrushTurdus albicollis Thrushes Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
White-rumped MuniaLonchura striata Waxbills & mannikins Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
White-rumped ShamaCopsychus malabaricus Chats & flycatchers Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
White-tailed PtarmiganLagopus leucura Grouse Not recorded 23 d 10–14 d
White-throated BulbulAlophoixus flaveolus Bulbuls Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
White-throated ThrushTurdus assimilis Thrushes Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
White-tipped DoveLeptotila verreauxi Doves & pigeons Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
White-vented EuphoniaEuphonia minuta Canaries & finches Not recorded 17 d 7–11 d
White-winged DoveZenaida asiatica Doves & pigeons Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
White-winged DuckAsarcornis scutulata Waterfowl Not recorded 30 d 13–19 d
White-winged GrosbeakMycerobas carnipes Canaries & finches Not recorded 16 d 7–10 d
White-winged ParakeetBrotogeris versicolurus Parakeets Not recorded 26 d 11–16 d
White-winged ScoterMelanitta deglandi Waterfowl Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
White-winged SnowfinchMontifringilla nivalis Sparrows Not recorded 18 d 8–11 d
Whooper SwanCygnus cygnus Waterfowl Not recorded 35 d 15–22 d
Whooping CraneGrus americana Cranes Not recorded 32 d 13–20 d
Wild TurkeyMeleagris gallopavo Turkeys Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
Willow PtarmiganLagopus lagopus Grouse Not recorded 22 d 9–14 d
Wing-barred SeedeaterSporophila americana Tanagers Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Wood DuckAix sponsa Waterfowl Not recorded 30 d 13–19 d
Wood ThrushHylocichla mustelina Thrushes Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Woodhouse's Scrub JayAphelocoma woodhouseii Crows & jays Not recorded 18 d 8–11 d
Wreathed HornbillRhyticeros undulatus Hornbills Not recorded 38 d 16–24 d
Yellow-bellied SeedeaterSporophila nigricollis Tanagers Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Yellow-billed DuckAnas undulata Waterfowl Not recorded 28 d 12–17 d
Yellow-billed PintailAnas georgica Waterfowl Not recorded 24 d 10–15 d
Yellow-billed TealAnas flavirostris Waterfowl Not recorded 24 d 10–15 d
Yellow-breasted BuntingEmberiza aureola Buntings Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Yellow-breasted ChatIcteria virens Orioles & blackbirds Not recorded 11 d 5–7 d
Yellow-breasted GreenfinchChloris spinoides Canaries & finches Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Yellow-chevroned ParakeetBrotogeris chiriri Parakeets Not recorded 26 d 11–16 d
Yellow-collared MacawPrimolius auricollis Macaws Not recorded 25 d 11–16 d
Yellow-crowned EuphoniaEuphonia luteicapilla Canaries & finches Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Yellow-faced GrassquitTiaris olivaceus Tanagers Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Yellow-headed BlackbirdXanthocephalus xanthocephalus Orioles & blackbirds Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Yellow-rumped TinkerbirdPogoniulus bilineatus Barbets Not recorded 12 d 5–7 d
Yellow-tailed OrioleIcterus mesomelas Orioles & blackbirds Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Yellow-winged PytiliaPytilia hypogrammica Waxbills & mannikins Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
YellowhammerEmberiza citrinella Buntings Not recorded 13 d 5–8 d
Yucatan BobwhiteColinus nigrogularis New World quail Not recorded 24 d 10–15 d
Zambezi IndigobirdVidua codringtoni Whydahs Not recorded 10 d 4–6 d
Zebra DoveGeopelia striata Doves Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d
Zebra FinchTaeniopygia guttata Finches Not recorded 14 d 6–9 d

Ringing without regret

Timing beats sizing

The window is short. A day early and the ring slides off in the nest litter; a day late and it will not pass the hock at all. Check the chick daily through the window.

Closed versus split

Only a closed ring fitted as a chick proves captive breeding, which is what a CITES or TOPS inspection asks for. A split ring fitted later identifies a bird but proves nothing about its origin.

Check back at a week

Look at every ringed leg a week later. A ring that has begun to bite leaves a swollen foot within days and must come off immediately.

Record the series

Ring numbers run in a series you buy in advance. Knowing which are used and which remain is the difference between a clean set of records and a guess at the end of the season.

More free tools
01Mutation pairing calculator 02Hatch date & candling timeline 04Cage & aviary size guide

Track a whole ring series instead of a page in a notebook.

See compliance features